Symbolism of The Glass Menagerie - Literature Essay Samples

In the play â€Å"The Glass Menagerie,† Tennessee Williams the author presents the glass menagerie as a metaphor for the Wingfield family and other families during the Great Depression. The author highlights the concept of the family’s vulnerability and how easily it can be shattered like glass. Laura shares a connection with the glass, and through the descriptive stage directions the audience can view the bond that links her to the collection. Williams uses foreshadowing through the breaking of a symbolic figurine to show the events that will occur within the Wingfield family and how everything will be forever different and broken, just like the figurine. A menagerie is a varied mixture or a collection of foreign animals that are kept specially for exhibition. The glass menagerie is a metaphor for the Wingfield family. Each character is a different piece of glass that when together composes a family within a menagerie. Through their differences from the outside world t he Wingfields a menagerie that is stared at for being different from the rest of the world. Laura and Tom are dreamers, but they cannot act on their dreams and desires. Amanda lives in the past and is separated from her children by this. The family composes a collection of a strange mixture of personalities that cannot incorporate themselves into the world. For example, Tom describes Jim as his â€Å"best friend at the warehouse,† but the audience later questions this as he is unknowing of his friend’s engagement. â€Å"Glass is something that you have to take good care of,† and similarly a family must be taken care of to flourish. The members of the Wingfield family all strive for what they personally believe will be best for them or the family, without really understanding what that means. The inability to understand each other and take care of the family causes it to slowly fall apart. Laura is the person who holds the family together through their difference s for as long as possible. She is the force that causes Tom to stay and endure the life he hates, and later she is the ghost that haunts him. Laura is compared to the glass unicorn, and Jim perceptively remarks â€Å"unicorns, aren’t they extinct in the modern world?† Laura is a loner who does not fit in with society. Her differences separate her from others and her magnified crippled leg creates a gap between her and other people. Unlike the ladies that spend their evenings at the dance hall, Laura spends â€Å"a good deal of time† polishing her glass collection. This collection has set a trance over Laura, she loves her â€Å"little animals made out of glass, the tiniest animals in the world.† If the animals are symbolic of the family, then the family is also the â€Å"smallest† – an obsolete and unimportant family that will hardly leave an impact on society. The feeble layer of glass that contains the family within the menagerie is shown to be easily broken, and Williams shows that without the proper care it will surely shatter.Laura shares a personal relationship with the figurines, because unlike her father and nonexistent friends, they can never leave or forsake her. Whenever she is nervous about anything, her immediate tendency is to reach for the glass: â€Å"Laura utters a startled, doubtful laugh. She reaches quickly for a piece of glass.† The ability to have her glass friends available whenever necessary is comforting to Laura; unlike so many other factors in her life, these animals are in her control. Over time, Laura’s bond with the animals deepen until they are almost a part of herself. When describing the glass to Jim, Laura is basically describing herself: â€Å"Oh, be careful- if you breathe, it breaks.† Here Laura is telling the audience here how fragile she is, and that she is worried that Jim might crush her. When he holds the figurine Laura is delighted that he is taking an int erest in her collection: â€Å"you’re holding him gently! Hold him over the light, he loves the light! You see how the light shines through him?† The animal is personified with the usage of â€Å"he,† because it is her best and only friend. Here, Laura shows him the wonderful visions that can be created when they are held before the correct type of light. Here Laura describes herself, exquisitely delicate, but glowing under the right circumstances. The bond that she has with the glass is highlighted through the usage of stage directions. Whenever something is harmful to the glass, it directly impacts Laura. When her figurine is unknowingly smashed by Tom, â€Å"there is a tinkling of shattering glass. Laura cries as if wounded.† The breaking of Laura’s glass symbol, and Tom deliberately shattering his glass foreshadows the Wingfield family being forever shattered and split into numerous direction, never to be together again. Laura states that †Å"Glass breaks so easily. No matter how careful you are.† This last scene highlights this concept, because the family’s personal glass menagerie is forever broken. The unicorn, Laura’s favorite figurine, is clumsily broken, and this foreshadows how Jim will clumsily mishandle Laura and break her heart. Before she knows of his fiancà © Laura is optimistic, believing that perhaps the unicorn was broken as â€Å"a blessing in disguise.† By losing its horn the unicorn became â€Å"just like all the other horses.† Similarly, Laura was temporarily like other ladies as she danced with Jim and he made her more typical. When Jim abandons Laura, she leaves him with â€Å"a-souvenir†¦Ã¢â‚¬  that suggests she knows he is her first and only love; she doubts she will ever again dare to fall in love. She also knows that things will be different in her household, so she does not need the reminder of the changed unicorn. The Wingfield family members rely upo n each other, and as Tom realizes that Laura will be dependent upon him for much longer than expected, he knows that if he wishes to do something for himself he must leave. Here the stage directions read: â€Å"Tom smashes his glass on the floor. He plunges out on the fire escape.† Tom breaks the glass and his departure symbolizes that just like his shattered glass, the impact this will have upon his family can never be repaired. With Tom leaving, the Wingfield family is shattered. Amanda is lost in her past, Tom in his hopes for a future, and Laura in her imaginary world of glass. The ties that the family share as so strong, though, that even when running away Tom cannot escape from his sister. â€Å"The window is filled with little pieces of colored glass†¦then all at once my sister touches my shoulder.† Glass will forever symbolize his sister, and thus his shattered family. The Wingfield family is to be forever changed and it will never again be pieced back to gether.Tennessee Williams uses glass throughout the play as symbolism for the Wingfield family and to foreshadow later events. The â€Å"glass menagerie† is a unique and effect way to portray this troubled, fragile family.

Essay on Ethical Movie Review Blood Diamond - 3530 Words

Ethical movie review Title: Blood Diamond Year: 2006 Studio: Virtual Studios Producer: Warner Bros. Director: Edward Zwick Country: United States of America 0.1 Introduction The following essay will examine ethical issues addressed through the movie â€Å"Blood Diamond†. The two main issues identified and discussed are; child soldiers and conflict diamonds. My main lens of ethical theories will consist of the four western theories, this includes, egoism, utilitarianism, ethics of duties and ethics of rights. Even though these theories are based on ethical absolutism, I will still try to apply a pluralistic view. Additionally, some of these theories will be expanded and other theories that do not tend so much towards ethical absolutism†¦show more content†¦The third maxim asks if the actions are universally accepted, there is no need for explanation here, it is not accepted by the world. Ethics of rights and justice has a large focus on human dignity and humanity; one can reasonably state that there is neither in the use of children as soldiers. So we can now make a short summary to say that with a pluralistic (maybe a bit more relativisti c) view on the two consequentialist ethical theories the use of kids to bear arms can be justified. We will discuss this issue further in the next section of the essay, but first the issue of blood diamonds will be addressed. 1.2 â€Å"Bling-Bang† Conflict diamonds or blood diamonds as the title of the movie confirms is an important ethical issue enlightened by director Edward Zwick. Before going into discussion around ethics regarding this topic, a short definition of conflict diamonds is appropriate: â€Å"Conflict Diamonds – also known as blood diamonds – are diamonds that are used to fuel conflict and human rights abuses. They have founded brutal conflicts... that have resulted in the death and displacement of millions of people.† (Global Witness 2011). In Sierra Leone 1999 the diamonds are traded for mostly weapons by the RUF, the buyers are big diamond companies using cleansing methods around the world in order to â€Å"wash† the stones. As the movie showsShow MoreRelatedQualitative Research and Celebrity Endorsement24767 Words   |  100 PagesThe framework of this piece of study has been structured to gain insights into the above purpose and thus includes 6 chapters namely the literature review, Methodology, Analysis and Discussion, Conclusion, limitations, managerial implications and future research. A brief outline of each of them is given below: Chapter 2 is the literature review which relates to the study of the previous secondary data available on this topic. This chapter primarily includes what celebrity endorsement is all Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesPrinted in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Brief Contents PA RT 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2 UNDERSTANDING HRM The Dynamic Environment of HRM 2 Fundamentals of Strategic HRM 28 PART 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 THE LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONTEXT OF HRM Equal Employment Opportunity 56 Employee Rights and Discipline 84 PART 3 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 STAFFING THE ORGANIZATION Human Resource Planning and Job Analysis 110 Recruiting 132 Foundations of Selection 154 PARTRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesââ€"  PAGE NUMBER IN THE BOOK 605 608 619 625 629 652 662 667 677 685 694 708 712 718 727 733 740 746 CASE Ministry of Sound – rapid growth but a questionable future in the music industry. Pharmaceutical Industry – global forces at work in the ethical pharmaceutical industry. TUI – competitive forces in the travel industry. 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“Approximately 114,000 Potential Beneficiaries With At

â€Å"Approximately 114,000 potential beneficiaries with at least an associate’s degree would be immediately eligible for conditional LPR status† (Starbuck, 2015). That’s a big number of people who aren’t currently getting the help and assistance they need to live in the US. â€Å"Another 612,000 potential beneficiaries would be immediately eligible for conditional status because they already have a high-school diploma or GED (Starbuck, 2015). These student would ultimately receive somewhat of an incentive to complete two years at a college or to service in the military in order to be permanent residents of the US. I honestly think it’s unfair that they have to do anything to become citizens in the US other than just being a good person who is†¦show more content†¦This is a hot topic in Student Affairs, especially with DACA and the Trump administration coming into play. We discussed how some students are afraid to fill out paperwork because of what could happen from writing their name down on an official document, and I don’t blame them. The research shows the DREAM Act is such an important tool in helping these students advance in life and stop living in fear. I remember in 2012 reading articles stating that Obama basically passed the DREAM Act by himself. I didn’t do any research on it and I deffinetly did not know what the DREAM Act was my freshman year in college. Doing this research paper made me go back and look up those articles. One article (Amira, 2012) talks about a new Homeland Security policy which allows illegal immigrants between the ages of 15 and 30 years old, who came to the US at a young age will no longer have to live in fear of deportation. It’s technically not citizenship, which the DREAM Act would grant, but it is better than nothing. Hermes, 2008 is a study that discusses two things: One being how the DREAM Act will establish a path for legal status and eventually earn legal residency through two years of higher education or military service and the second this is how repealing a provision of federal lawShow MoreRelatedAn Explanation Of An Inadequate Food Intake And Repeated Infectious Diseases2363 Words   |  10 Pagesper cent. Since then, it s doubled, according to the 2013 Child Poverty Monitor, one in four children are now living in poverty. Almost 280,000 children are living in poverty. Sixty-three percent of poverty-stricken children are to be found in beneficiary households; 53 per cent in single parent families. One in six European children live in poverty with Maori and Pasifika twice as likely to be affected. (NZ herald Michael Botur August 26, 2014) Determinants that contribute to the issue of UndernutritionRead MoreGleim Questions26398 Words   |  106 Pagesincome, before income taxes, was $70,000. Included in the computation of this $70,000 was $10,000 of proceeds of a life insurance policy, representing a lump-sum payment in full as a result of the death of Kell’s controller. Kell was the owner and beneficiary of this policy since 2005. In its income tax return for 2012, Kell should report taxable life insurance proceeds of | | A. | $10,000 | B. | $8,000 | C. | $5,000 | D. | $0 | | Andi Corp. issued $1 million face amount of bonds in 2007Read MoreIncome Taxation Solutions Manual 1 300300 Words   |  1202 Pagesannually or investment income. This results from the application of the dividend tax credit and a refund of a portion of the corporate taxes on investment income. This is demonstrated below. Business Income Subject to SBD Corporate income Corporate tax Potential refund on distribution Available for dividend Tax on dividend (33%) Total tax: Corporation Individual Rate Investment Income $1,000 (150) 850 $1,000 (447) 553 0 850 (280) 267 820 (271) $ 570 $ 549 $150 280 $430 $180 271 $451 43% 45% BusinessRead MoreThe Use of Funds in Government Accounting60336 Words   |  242 Pages000 5. Paid cash for items received for: Administration 201,000 Public safety 730,000 6. Received items on order for: Administration 116,000 Public safety -- 7. Paid cash for items received for: Administration 114,000 Public safety -- 8. Collected revenues of: Property taxes -- Charges for services 81,000 Required: 1. Prepare the general journal entries necessary to record the budget and operating transactions 1.- 8. 2. Post theRead MoreTest Bank Hilton Herauf Modern Ad77200 Words   |  309 Pageswere worth $26,000 and $54,000, respectively. Assuming that Consolidated Financial Statements were prepared on that date, answer the following: 16. The Current Assets of the combined entity should be valued at: a) b) c) d) $7,000 $170,000 $86,000 $114,000 Ans: C Difficulty: Easy Level of Learning: Comprehension Topic: LO 4 hz 17. The Fixed Assets of the combined entity should be valued at: $70,000 $154,000 $160,000 $120,000 zle a) b) c) d) Ans: B Difficulty: Easy Level of Learning: Comprehension

Qualitative Characteristics of Financial †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Qualitative Characteristics of Financial. Answer: Introduction: Conceptual framework is an accounting theory prepared by the regulatory body of accounting standard setters which can be used to solve the practical issues of financial reporting. The general purpose financial statements are aimed at imparting the financial information to the intended users, especially, the current and potential investors as they are the external parties and hence are not involved in the preparation and presentation of reports. These parties play important role for an entity as they invest huge amount of funds in it. To take critical decisions about their investments they require entitys financial reports. Financial information is the organised form of raw accounting related data that is presented in the financial terms for the purpose of financial reporting requirements. While making the presentation of such significant information in the financial reports an entitys professional accountant has the statutory duty to fulfil the requirements of conceptual framework of accounting (IASB, 2010). The framework on financial reporting prescribes certain qualitative characteristics which the information contained in the financial reports must possess. As significant decisions are made using such information it is necessary that it is reliable, relevant, understandable and comparable. These features increases the overall quality of the financial reports of the entity. If the information is not carrying the prescribed qualities it may not reflect the true picture of companys financial situation which misleads the intended users. An information is called relevant when it has the capability of the influencing the decisions of intended users. The relevant quality of the information must provide it the predictive value and confirmative value (Birt, Muthusamy Bir, 2017) (Jones Smith, 2011). Also, the information must be reliable so as to be used by the users in understanding the financial performance as well as the situation of the reporting entity. Reliabi lity of the information is generated when it is faithfully represented in the financial statements (Collier, 2015). Both the relevance and faithful representation are fundamental qualitative characteristics of financial information. However, the requirement of informations faithfulness can be considered as more important as in comparison to the relevance feature. Even if the relevant information is disclosed in the statement and reports but if is not free from material errors or is no complete in the holistic manner than it would not be useful to the readers. The term faithful representation has replaced the term reliability as was used previously. It requires the financial statements to depict accurate information of the companys business. This feature of information must be applied to all the significant parts of financial statements like results of operating segments, companys financial position and the entire cash flows of the company (Kadous, Koonce, Thayer, 2012).The informat ion that possess faithfulness as its characteristics will have mainly three aspects. First, the information must be free from any kind of bias treatment and hence it must be neutral. The neutrality concept requires the preparers of financial reports to present the financial statements in such a way that it reflects the true position of reporting entity without inflating its profitability merely to make it attractive or to gain some undue advantages. Unbiased accounting treatment is necessary to promote and maintain the greater level of transparency of the companys operations. Second, the information is considered as faithful when it is free from material that means the reports must not contain any errors either in terms of presentation or in calculation (Lusardi Mitchell Curto, 2010). Only if the information is accurate then it will reflect the true and fair view of companys financial situation. The relevant information if not correctly prepared or presented may impair its ability to influence the thought process of its investors (Kargin, 2013). Third, the information must be complete in each sense as an incomplete information can lead the investors or potential investors to take inappropriate decisions about the company. An information is reliable only when it faithfully represents all the necessary events and transactions of entitys operations. If the information holds influencing power by nature but is not represented or disclosed in the reliable manner than it would not be able to serve its purpose (Nobes Stadler, 2015). Given the nature of accounting standard setting it is not possible for the preparers of financial reports to achieve the quality of faithful representation because of the inherent uncertainties, assumptions and estimates made in accounting. These factors might not always allow the financial information to be free from material errors. Hence, it would be difficult for the preparers to achieve this feature. However, if any omission or error does not affect the explanation of economic phenomena of financial information and the processes that have been used in producing the reported information are selected and applied with no errors the faithfulness can be still be achieved. Alternative Normative Theories to Historical Cost Accounting Normative theories of accounting are those theories that are not based on the observations rather they based formed on the basis of the ways that tells how accounting operations are undertaken. These theories are believed to use various differing methodologies to ultimately find the best and suitable accounting opinion. They use few formulas to determine business income based on the values and not on the costs. Historical cost is the aggregate of prices paid by the company to acquire and install the asset to make it available in the working condition. The approach that Historical cost accounting follows is based on the actual cost incurred in acquiring the ownership of asset and under this accounting the same cost is disclosed in the balance sheet of the firm (Greenberg, et.al, 2013). There are certain strengths and weaknesses of this concept. Its strengths includes the objectivity provided it as the financial statements are not affected by the increase and decrease in the values of its elements. So it avoids the chances of data manipulation. Further, this method of accounting is quite convenient and simple to be implemented in comparison to the other methods of valuation. Moreover, the use of historical cost accounting promotes the level of consistency of financial statements making it easier for the readers to compare the information with other related data. At the same time HCA suffers from various limitations which affects its usability such as it does not consider change in prices leading to overstatement of profits in inflationary times. Further, this approach impairs the current operating results of the company by making inclusions of holding gains which were accrued in last years, in the income of current year. Moreover, this approach contributes to misleading financial statements (Coetsee, 2010). There are several accounting theories which are advanced as the alternatives to accounting historical cost was holding many limitations especially in case of rising prices. As this particular accounting works on the assumption that money always holds a purchasing power that remains constant. Below is the discussion of alternative normative theories of historical cost approach of valuation: Current Purchasing Power Accounting (CPPA): This accounting model was approved by IASB (international board for accounting standards) and was advanced as an alternative to the accounting based on historical cost. It has the view that in the rising price times i.e. in inflation, if entity distributes the unadjusted profits on the basis of historical costs it would amount to reduction in the entitys real value. Therefore, under this approach the financial statements prepare on historical cost basis will be restated to incorporate the changes in purchasing power of public and the adjusted statements would represent the original amounts on the basis of purchasing power of the current time. Current cost accounting is another alternative normative theory to the historical cost accounting. This concept separates the profits from trading activities from the gains arising from holding the assets. This concept considers the changes in the prices to a specific firm or industry instead of taking into account the entire economy. It seeks arriving at the profit which are distributable without having any adverse impact on the operational capacity of the entity (Zhang Andrew, 2014).Unlike historical cost accounting, current cost accounting considers valuing assets at the price which was required to be paid currently if the assets were to be purchased currently (BESSONG CHARLES, 2012). This concept of accounting relies mainly on the use of indices and also it is easier to be applied to the particular assets of the firm. This approach helps in providing the information in relation to companys capability to adapt itself in the present conditions. Unlike historical cost accounting, CoCoA assumes that the moneys purchasing power does not remains constant and keeps on changing. Under this accounting the assets and liabilities are measured at their existing cash price. This type of accounting does not use a particular cost to value assets rather it uses the value which is acceptable generally between the potential buyers and sellers of the assets. It may sometimes represent current cost or net realisable value or net present value depending upon the situations. Modified Historical Cost Accounting (MHCA): this concept is permitted by companies act. Under this method certain assets are incorporated in the financial statements at the revalued amount instead of recording them at their historical cost. The fair value accounting and current cost accounting has gained much of considerations and are both are being implemented most commonly by the entities to measure their assets and liabilities of the business. These approaches evaluates the current position of the business by valuing the important elements of it on the current values. Discussion on the Conceptual Framework of Accounting Conceptual framework of accounting has been introduced by the international board of accounting standards. It deals with the fundamental issues of financial reporting like necessary characteristics of financial information, objectives of financial statements, main aspects of financial assets and the concepts of identifying and measuring the basic elements of financial statements. The key building blocks of conceptual framework of accounting are given as follows: Financial Reporting Definition: This section of the framework draws the scope of financial reporting. It considers the activities that needs to be embraced in the financial reporting discipline. Reporting entity: This area is administered by SAC 1 and it is concerned with the determination of criteria to identify the reporting entities which are required to prepare financial reports. Objectives of financial reporting: This area of framework sets out the main objectives that the financial reporting must achieve. It defines the users of the financial reports and also the kind of information they need. This part is administered by SAC 2. Qualitative characteristics: This section is addressed by SAC 3 and deals with identifying and defining the qualitative characteristics of financial information which it should possess to achieve the purpose of financial reporting. Financial statement Elements Recognition of basis: This block of conceptual framework primarily deals with the basic aspects of financial statements such as equities, reserves, incomes and expenses, assets and liabilities. This part is also concerned with identifying defining and establishing the recognition criteria of the main elements to be included in the financial statements. This block is assessed by SAC 4. Perceived users of financial statements: The users are the ones who reads the financial reports of the reporting entity to make their decisions in relation to the matters in which they are associated with the company. They are mainly the shareholder and investors of the company. Measurement basis Measurement techniques: This block defines the techniques of measuring the basic elements of the financial statements. It also explores the alternative attributes of measurement such as historical cost, cash equivalents, current costs etc. Moreover, it sets out the basic measurement units of the elements. There are other building blocks like financial position, Performance, Change in financial position, compliances. There are various advantages for accounting that can be resulted from the development of the conceptual framework of accounting. The framework offers accounting standard board with the base for setting accounting standards and also the concepts to be used as tools to resolve the accounting and reporting related queries. It helps in guiding the standard setters in development of financial reporting norms and regulations (Weygandt, 2010).It also helps the readers of the financial information to understand the information and its limitations in the better way. It offers precise definitions of certain terms to be used in the accounting. Moreover, the auditors can use such framework to resolve the financial reporting issues. The conceptual framework of financial reporting has been severely criticized for not offering an adequate basis for setting accounting standard (Christensen, 2010). Its implementation is difficult to by the developing countries as it quite time consuming and is too expensive. At the same time this framework is highly criticized for its rigidity. Moreover, the framework only considers the qualitative characteristics of financial information. Due to all these inefficiencies the conceptual framework requires to be altered. The framework provided by FASB was also criticized for not requiring the entities to report the necessary and interpretable information to the users of financial statements (FASB, 2010). Further, the framework is also criticized for not providing conformity between the previously used accounting standards before the introduction of conceptual framework of accounting. Also, the critics of conceptual framework has also been arguing that the accounting standards are getting overly rules based which are leading to its inefficiencies ((Wells, 2011). No, it would not be appropriate for me to agree with the criticism as the critics are not considering the most critical viewpoint of the conceptual frameworks. The perspective of users of financial reports have been duly emphasised by the accounting framework. From the users point of view the conceptual framework is quite adequate as it considers the reliance of users i.e. existing and potential investors and other stakeholders of the company on its financial reports for the purpose of decision making. The characteristics of financial information that the existing conceptual framework provides takes into account the general attitude of the person while interpreting and understanding the financial reports. Therefore, the criticism made by several critics are not acceptable. References: Australian Government, (2001). Qualitative Characteristics of financial information: SAC 3, available at https://www.aasb.gov.au/admin/file/content105/c9/AASB112_07-04_COMPsep11_07-12.pdf (viewed on 9th October, 2017). BESSONG, P. K., CHARLES, E. (2012). Comparative Analysis of Fair Value and Historical Cost Accounting on Reported Profit: A Study of Selected Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria.Research Journal of Finance and Accounting,3(8), 132-149. Birt, J.L., Muthusamy, K. and Bir, P. (2017). XBRL and the Qualitative Characteristics of Useful Financial Information.Accounting Research Journal,30(1). Christensen, J. (2010). Conceptual frameworks of accounting from an information perspective.Accounting and Business Research,40(3), 287-299. Coetsee, D. (2010). The role of accounting theory in the development of accounting principles.Meditari: Research Journal of the School of Accounting Sciences,18(1), 1-16. Collier, P.M., 2015.Accounting for managers: Interpreting accounting information for decision making. John Wiley Sons. Conceptual frameworks of accounting from an information perspective.Accounting and Business Research,40(3), 287-299. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), (2010). Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting: Chapter 1, The Objective of General Purpose Financial Reporting, and Chapter 3, Qualitative Characteristics of Useful Financial Information. Statement of Financial Accounting Concept No. 8. Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). (2010). Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting: Chapter 1, The Objective of General Purpose Financial Reporting, and Chapter 3, Qualitative Characteristics of Useful Financial Information. Statement of Financial Accounting Concept No. 8. Greenberg, M. D., Helland, E., Clancy, N., Dertouzos, J. N. (2013).Fair Value Accounting, Historical Cost Accounting, and Systemic Risk. Rand Corporation. IASB, C. F. (2010). The Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting, as in September 2010.International Accounting Standards Board, London, UK. Jones, D.A. and Smith, K.J. (2011). Comparing the value relevance, predictive value, and persistence of other comprehensive income and special items.The Accounting Review,86(6), pp.2047-2073. Kadous, K., Koonce, L., Thayer, J. M. (2012). Do financial statement users judge relevance based on properties of reliability?.The Accounting Review,87(4), 1335-1356. Kargin, S. (2013). The impact of IFRS on the value relevance of accounting information: Evidence from Turkish firms.International Journal of Economics and Finance,5(4), 71. Lusardi, A., Mitchell, O. S., Curto, V. (2010). Financial literacy among the young.Journal of consumer affairs,44(2), 358-380. Nobes, C. W., Stadler, C. (2015). The qualitative characteristics of financial information, and managers accounting decisions: evidence from IFRS policy changes.Accounting and Business Research,45(5), 572-601. Wells, M. J. (2011). Framework-based approach to teaching principle-based accounting standards.Accounting Education,20(4), 303-316. Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., KIESO, D., Elias, R. Z. (2010). Accounting principles.Issues in Accounting Education,25(1), 179-180. Zhang, Y., Andrew, J. (2014). Financialisation and the conceptual framework.Critical perspectives on accounting,25(1), 17-26.